Human Skills in an Organization Click Now to get Solution

Question: Select one of the accompanying combined zones related with section 2 of the Human Dimension of the program. Utilizing hypotheses and models (not Mazlow) from your exploration basically assess and assess their relationship to Organizational Behavior. Examine the effect that your chose subject will have on a representatives' inspiration grinding away (incorporate an important inspiration model or hypothesis). Answer: Presentation: This task manages the hypotheses and ideas of authoritative conduct in an association. For the initial step of this task, I have picked character and individual contrasts. In this task, I research the impact of individual just as individual contrasts in the conduct of an association. For finishing the entire task, I have gathered information from various insightful diaries from dynamic auxiliary sources. I have audited the chosen diaries with the end goal of this task. I have picked this subject of character and individual distinction as this point is extremely pertinent for now. Each individual is unique in relation to one another with respect to his brain and persona capacity. In any case, today with the developing period of worldwide business everybody is looking for towards a progressively upgraded multicultural workforce. Hence, this idea can help while understanding the part of dealing with the conduct of numerous individuals inside an association. Character and individual contrasts: As talked about by Wood et al. (2012), authoritative conduct is considered as the field of study that fuses human abilities of the association. Authoritative conduct incorporates the investigation of individual, associations and gatherings to improve the degree of execution. A chief ought to consistently concentrate on the part of viable authoritative conduct. An accomplished supervisor should focus on the basic part of human conduct to work the effective association. Character and individual contrast is vital just as a huge part of hierarchical conduct. Character alludes to the novel stable example of human conduct, feelings, and musings or feeling. Each individual has its diverse style of distinguishing proof. Everybody has its own image. As expressed by Jiang et al. (2012), the part of occupation fulfillment consistently relies upon character attributes of a person. A few people can be happy with the current idea of an occupation. There are likewise a few people who can never be satisfied with the activity in any conditions. Then again, Goetsch and Davis (2014) contended that there are some significant essentials of character and association. Fascination choice wearing down cycle portrays that the association character association is specific. Association in the end can get homogenous with the end goal of the executives. Character can be less prevailing inside difficult spots in rule-based or organized society. Then again, in an approximately organized association, a character can be increasingly predominant in the powerless position. There are bases of character for an individual. Hereditary and social parts are the fundamental components of a character of each individual. An individual is unique in relation to one another by his/her character or capacity. Each individual is diverse because of the hereditary or social conditions moreover. In the viewpoint of powerful authoritative conduct, the capacity is additionally a significant trait for an individual. Capacity is considered as the limit of conveying the arrangement of mental successions or conduct groupings to deliver a helpful outcome. There are various kinds of information; those are passionate, psychological, psychomotor and perceptual. A compelling director ought to perceive or think about the individual contrasts to advance specific culture or conduct inside the association (Miner 2015). Hypotheses: Character and individual distinction is the part of brain science. Each individual is not quite the same as one another because of some mental components. Character can be depicted as powerful and composed arrangement of qualities of an individual. The character of an individual can impact the earth, feeling, inspiration, conduct and cognizance inside various circumstances. Type hypothesis or the Personality Type Theory is extremely pertinent to pass judgment on the individual distinction and character of an individual (Arthaud-Day et al. 2012). Mental Type hypothesis alludes to the mental order of various types of individuals. One can recognize character kinds of an individual through different attributes of character. As indicated by the Type hypothesis, there are two sorts of individuals in the general public. One is thoughtful person, and other is outgoing individual. The Trait hypothesis alludes to the perspective where extraversion and self preoccupation can be considered as the piece of a nonstop element of numerous individuals. Character typology expresses that the conduct of each individual is identified with the term of inverse and individual attributes. In the part of character type hypothesis, Meyer Friedman and his associates developed the Type An and Type B character hypothesis (Robbins et al. 2013). They considered the Type An and Type B as two examples of individual contrasts and character. Type A character consistently stays persevering and faces high challenges. Then again, Type B individuals stay loose, less serious just as lower hazard. This hypothesis likewise expresses that there are consistently numerous individuals who are the blend of An and B kinds of character. In this regard, MyersBriggs Type Indicator is likewise a significant model for knowing the distinction in the character of an individual. This model shows information on various components of character that can be helpful to become familiar with the sorts of a character of a person. This model is being utilized to test character sort of a person. Models: The Five Factor model is an extremely important model in the part of character and hierarchical conduct. The intentional conduct of work coordinates higher request understood objective with various standards of Five Factor Model of character. This model additionally assists with growing the activity attributes model to clarify the impact of character qualities on the result of work. Five-Factors Model is considered as a mental model of character. Different therapists have arranged various frameworks for the separating character of each person. These five components help to group extraordinary character of a person. These five components character characteristics are identified with the development of initiative inside the association (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). In the part of authoritative conduct, large five character characteristics are considered as convincing components. Five-Factor model of character can be seen as character characteristics of progressive association. Character attributes are incorporated with five measurements. The five measurements are Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and Neuroticism. These elements are associated with the part of the successful conduct of an association. Each individual has these five qualities of character. Along these lines, each organization ought to think about these variables while making condition and culture for the association. Transparency: This character characteristic shows innovation and distinction in each circumstance. They look to give the imagination. They likewise take unmistakable fascination to attempt new things. They can likewise develop as a viable pioneer in a place of administration. Good faith: According to Wright et al. (2012), this character attribute is likewise identified with the part of administration inside an association. Reliability individuals remain composed inside various circumstances of initiative. Principles looks to step up and duty inside the gathering. These kinds of individuals likewise rise as pioneers. They are exceptionally powerful in the job of pioneers. Extraversion: It can be expressed that outgoing individuals are enthusiastic just as confident and socially dynamic. Extraverts appreciate cooperating with others inside the social condition. Outgoing people likewise show fearlessness in various circumstances. Extraversion can be identified with the part of initiative. The representative consistently acknowledges an extravert head. Outgoing people are both amiable and predominant inside the business condition. Extraverts can develop as a successful pioneer in the wide assortment of circumstances (Cerasoli et al. 2014). Pleasantness: It is a positive quality when accord is basic. This character is dynamic when shared choice is compensated. Then again, Michel et al. (2013) expressed that Agreeableness can turn into the impediment when the basic achievement factor of the specific association is rivalry. In any case, a successful chief ought to have the option to utilize extraversion and pleasantness both to make the strong group in the gathering. The pioneer can make solid relationship inside the group of the association. Neuroticism: It alludes to the degree of the enthusiastic capacity of a person. It alludes to the pioneer who is on edge, ill humored and touchy (Bell 2013). From numerous kinds of examination, it very well may be expressed that extraversion and good faith are two valuable character qualities those can be identified with authority. Extravert character can give better direction to the individuals from a group. Relationship of character and individual contrasts with authoritative conduct: As expressed by Mitchell et al. (2012), each individual is unique in relation to one another utilizing his/her character. Human conduct is an extremely mind boggling wonder. In this manner, it is a test to each association to coordinate each assignment with the subordinate worker to the administrator of the gathering. Each individual is the down to earth just as the important asset for each group. Each director ought to consider the inner just as outside upgrades of the oblivious psyche of each individual (Parker 2014). Each organization ought to analyze the speculations of authoritative conduct while dealing with the gathering of worker inside a specific organiz

Decomposition Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disintegration - Lab Report Example Supplement is hamburger stock in addition to yeast. Beech (fagus): - has a place with the family fagaceae. Leaves are completely or meagerly toothed, 5 - 15 cms in length and 4-10 cm expansive. Pace of deterioration is quicker because of low lignin content, which is a rot safe. Rot of leaves can be assessed by the change in 1. Their mass 2. Quality (which is determined as proportion of C: N of rotted dry material. 3. Their substance content. 4. Changes in soil or water, which go about as medium. 5. Straight wave condition Wt = Wo - Kt where Wt = mass saw after explicit timespan, Wo = starting weight, K = rot steady. PAGE 2PREDICTION Pace of disintegration will increment with increment in temperature and will be unimportant at extremely high and exceptionally low temperatures. METHODAgar jam and small scale petri dishes were utilized. The agar had no feed in it. It was just utilized as a Base to keep the leaf hovers set up. The leaf circles would go about as nourishment for the microorganisms to Develop on. To test various temperatures 5C, 20C, 30C and 65C were utilized. In each dish 10 leafcircles were put . Each leaf circle had a breadth of 5mm. To ensure that thisexperiment was sheltered, the cover was cello taped and wasn't opened till the investigation was finished .The leaf circles were then seen during a 4-week time frame. Any adjustment in size of the leafMaterial could be measured.Graph paper was put behind each petri dish when measuring....an ideal temperature for microbial action is between 35 to 45 degree C. Agar: - it is a phycocolloid separated from red purple marine green growth, which have a place with class rhodophyceae. Agar is a gel at room temperature and stays firm at as high as 65 degree C. Supplement agar will become the biggest number of various kinds of organisms growths and microorganisms. Supplement is meat stock in addition to yeast. Beech (fagus): - has a place with the family fagaceae. Leaves are altogether or inadequately toothed, 5 - 15 cms in length and 4-10 cm wide. Pace of disintegration is quicker because of low lignin content, which is a rot safe. In light of the outcomes above it very well may be said that disintegration at extraordinary high and outrageous low temperatures is zero and the rot procedure increments with increment in temperature as portrayed in the temperature versus mean measurement chart. There is insignificant or no microbial movement at outrageous temperatures. There fore the procedure of rot is delayed at such temperatures. Rotting process will in general be quicker at hotter temperatures as it encourages microbial development along these lines as the temperature expands the decayi9ng procedure additionally increments. 7. NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS: Adequate quantities of perceptions were not made. Rather than expanding the quantity of dishes to 10, less number of dishes ought to have been utilized and perceptions made at increasingly visit temperatures with the goal that ideal temperature could be determined, 8.

Political Equality Essays - Egalitarianism, Social Inequality

Political Equality The beginnings of political balance were diminish. America was simply starting to set up a political framework when thoughts of balance started to emerge. Questions concerning citizenship, rights, and common freedoms made arrangements for the American political framework appear to be overwhelmingly entangled. The possibility of political fairness itself was a hypothesis of extremely constrained degree - an establishment as opposed to a structure. Various feelings regarding the commitments of government were covered in it from the earliest starting point, and no reasonable unique purpose could be removed. (Shaft 45) But the originators of this nation were certain that America would be a country made out of qualities and equivalent rights. There was some discussion over how the states were to be spoken to. Strangely enough, the possibility of correspondence, on a political scale, was just inferred by the Constitution, instead of apparently expressed. The guideline of uniformity of political people, which converts into that of small time, one vote - and at last into one individual, one vote - in roughly equivalent constituent divisions, was certain in the Constitution of the United States, as opposed to being explicitly announced by it. (Shaft 47) One vote for each individual: this made some debate, however was later acknowledged as the most equivalent strategy for casting a ballot. During the making of the Constitution, there were numerous debates and differences with respect to different techniques for making correspondence among American residents, however generally speaking, the Federal Constitution accomplished more than some other instrument to characterize political equity as a basic rule of American government. (Shaft 50) The structure of the Constitution was maybe as important to the perfect of correspondence than the words themselves. The political idea encompassing the Constitution combined on this guideline; nothing in the content drove some other way. In this sense the Constitution might be said to have contained arrangements related all the more unequivocally to the declaration of these certain qualities. (Post 63) The utilization of language, statements, and some other ramifications the archive may involve, make the Constitution itself an image of correspondence. The words order it, yet the report represents it. The inquiry concerning various sorts of uniformity came to fruition in South Carolina when a board of trustees joined to examine this issue. They imagined that equivalent rights would appropriately create inconsistent outcomes, which could be spoken to by an examination of the lower and high societies. Uniformity, its individuals announced, was the common state of man, the premise of his ethical greatness and political joy, not the measure of cash one had. (Shaft 154) This gathering contemplated that the high society would be given more rights and favorable circumstances due to their economic wellbeing... that political correspondence didn't concur with fairness of chance. They imagined that in light of the fact that the privileged had more cash, in this manner they had increasingly political weight. Furthermore, in like manner, the lower-class would not have as much draw on the American political framework. It was a contention that would have significant reverberation in the altoget her different setting of American Reconstruction, when uniformity of political rights for the freedmen (together with fairness under the watchful eye of the law) became, for a period, the way in to all others. (Shaft 155) Another occasion that helped shape correspondence in America's political framework started with a land crash in 1819. This occasion crushed numerous individuals' desires for ever possessing any noteworthy measure of property throughout everyday life. American financial matters were in a state of chaos, yet individuals didn't scrutinize the establishments of the nation... on which they could have accused the whole episode. Americans just sought after the best as the economy slowly recouped. The impacts of this occasion were exceptional. Laborers composed into political organizations and mobilized not to let this shocking event occur later on. They made laws securing themselves and their families and utilized the American political framework to keep up what little they had left in the fallout of this catastrophe. Political equity has been a piece of America since the time the authors of this nation made the Constitution. It has made some amazing progress since the eighteenth century, presumably still has far to go. America has accomplished political uniformity, be that as it may, there are a few parts of that thought that can be enhanced, but others that will stay a steady token of

Organic farming - Free Essay Example

Since the beginning of human history, humanity has been concerned with the food they eat and where it comes from. Early humans carefully selected the plants and animals that were safe to eat as humans today select food from the grocery stores to fit their nutritional needs. There are thousands of products that are offered in grocery stores today, ranging from conventional to organic and everything in between. People are left to wonder, is organic food actually better than conventional? Although it is more expensive than conventional foods, buying and eating organic food is more than worth it, offering both health and environmental benefits. What is organic food? It is food that is grown or raised without use of conventional pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, sewage, irradiation, genetically modified organisms, or antibiotics and hormones in meat. The United States Department of Agriculture released their standards and regulations for producing organic food in 2002. According to the USDA, Organic is a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods.(USDA Organic Standards). There are strict standards for organically grown foods and they must first be certified by a third party before becoming USDA certified. Though it didnt officially enter the mainstream of society until the early 2000s, organic farming practices have been around for over a century. In 1840, a German chemist discovered the primary elements (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) that are needed for plant growth and it resulted in farming becoming an industrialized machine (Pollan, 146-147). There were some people who felt this discovery was not a breakthrough but the mechanizing of nature and ultimate destruction of the soil. Sir Albert Howard, an englishman and agronomist, is credited with many of the ideas behind organic farming, though he never actually used the term organic, and he believed the soil should be treated like a living organism (145). He reasoned that the health of produce, livestock and humans was dependent upon the health of the soil and the addition of synthetic chemicals destroyed the nutrients in the soil (148). His ideas about natural and sustainable farming practices were the foundation for the orga nic movement to build upon. First, eating healthy and balanced meals, no matter if they are conventional or organic, is most important. In a society dominated by the ease of processed foods, it must be pointed out that although consuming organic products is optimal for overall health, eating a healthy diet in general is key. It should also be understood that organic food is not necessarily more nutritious than conventional. The nutritional value of any produce depends on the health of the soil. For example, produce grown in sandy soil wont develop as many nutrients in the plant as produce grown in rich, healthy soil. Because many of the chemicals used in conventional farming strip the soil of its nutrients, organic foods can have higher nutrient content than that of conventionally grown products because of the soil health. By far the most common reason for eating organically is the ability to avoid ingesting harmful chemicals thats effects on humans have not been fully studied (Haspel). These chemicals are synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which encompass a wide array of compounds like insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, plant growth regulators and more. The use of these chemicals allows for farmers to harvest higher yields from their crops, ensure that they dont become overrun by weeds, and to protect the crops from diseases (Aktar, Sengupta, Chowdhury 2009). The USDA and Environmental Protection Agency assure the public that the concentration of pesticides consumed through food are too low level to cause harm but there has been little testing conducted that show the effects that long term exposure could have (Aktar, Sengupta, Chowdhury). Consuming pesticides even at low level concentrations is thought to be linked to numerous health issues in humans ranging from respiratory iss ues and food allergies to more serious illnesses like cancer. Another problem is that an individual chemical, even if deemed safe, can be enhanced or changed if it is combined with other pollutants and substances in the body. Every day we are exposed to a cocktail of chemicals and because little testing has been done on this aspect, who can say what effects consistent low level exposure to such a mixture of chemicals can cause. (Aktar). In an article by Tamar Haspel, a food-policy writer and oyster farmer, she talks about the findings of 2016 Pesticide Data Program, which reports the pesticide levels on different foods for the year in both conventional and organic food. Haspel explains that the problem with the data is many of the most commonly used pesticides in both conventional and organic farming arent even tested for. Some of the most used pesticides are just beginning to be tested and others arent tested for at all (Haspel). There are millions of people in the world that are facing malnourishment with 1 out of every 7 people going hungry. With the environment in an increasingly unstable state, many areas of the world are experiencing record breaking droughts and massive flooding leading to crop failure. Since pesticides can basically guarantee a harvest, they are widely used in developing or highly populated countries where a crop failure could be catastrophic. With high quantities of pesticides being used globally, the fact that in certain regions pesticide poisoning is not only common but is a public health issue comes at no big surprise. Not only are people being unintentionally poisoned from spray or ingesting food with residue but pesticides are also often purposefully ingested to commit suicide, demonstrating how hazardous these chemicals can actually be. Pesticides are just as toxic for the environment as they are for health. They contaminate water systems, the soil, the air, and other non-targets (unintentional recipients). There are three different ways pesticides contaminate the water system. 1. Pesticides can drift outside the area they were sprayed through the wind and physical carriers. 2. They leech into the groundwater through direct absorption. And 3. Pesticides can be carried into other water systems through run off. It is almost impossible to keep chemicals contained to one area so naturally pesticide concentrations show up in a variety of places besides the fields. Pesticides can ruin the structural integrity of the top soil and obliterate biodiversity that is essential for plant growth. When applied to plants that have already flowered, it can kill pollinators like bees and reduce the reproductive qualities of the crop. Many of these pesticides are very harmful to flora and fauna and have the potential to disrupt entire ecosystem. A book written by Rachel Carson talks about the impact of pesticide use on the animals that unintentionally ingest these chemicals. She discusses the loss of several bird species due to accumulation of pesticides in their tissues. Types of fungicides used in farming are only slightly toxic to birds and mammals, but may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on them. Additionally, as some pesticides come in granular form, birds and other wildlife may eat the granules, mistaking them for grains of food. Besides pesticides, there are also the hormones and antibiotics that are pumped into conventional livestock. Chickens are given hormone rich food to expedite their growth and cause them to form abnormally large breast muscles. Many chickens are grown to butchering weight in 40 days or less. Antibiotics that were fed to livestock to cure and prevent infections were also used as growth boosters until people started understanding the effects of overuse. Although the FDA attempted to cut back on antibiotic use, livestock are still fed about 80% of the antibiotics used in the U.S (fda.com). The rampant overuse has created strains of bacteria that are now resistant to antibiotics and pose a serious threat for peoples health (Pig Out). If chemicals and antibiotic laden animals werent bad enough, irradiation was introduced to the food industry. An article written by Curt Anderson in the Missoulian in 1997 talks about consumers worries concerning the then recent FDA approval of irradiating red meats. Irradiation uses gamma radiation to kill some (not all) bacteria and diseased organisms to make the product safe to eat (Anderson). Irradiation had already been widely used before this point for spices, fresh produce, chickens, and pork. Another Missoulian article by Michael Colby points out that again, the USDA has not done adequate testing on this subject. Most alarming is that when irradiation was approved by the FDA, the studies that were supposed to prove its safety ended up being less than convincing and the then chair of the FDA committee felt the tests were flawed and lacking (Colby). Again, the USDA insists that irradiation is a tool to keep produce fresh for longer and reduce chances of catching a food related illness (USDA.com). Because the radiation can only kill up to 90-99% of bacteria and pathogens, what remains has been altered by the radiation and can have unknown effects (Colby). Organic foods on the other hand are, according to USDA standards, free of irradiation of any kind.The many health benefits of organic food allow the consumer to avoid pesticides, antibiotics and irradiation but the benefits dont end with health. Organic farming is rooted in sustainability. Many of the practices of organic farming are from simply observing nature. Sir Albert Howard, credited with the ideas that founded the organic movement wrote, Mother earth never attempts to farm without livestock; she always raises mixed crops; great pains are taken to preserve the soil and to prevent erosion; the mixed vegetable and animal wastes are converted into humus; there is no waste; [and] the processes of growth and the processes of decay balance one another. (Howard). It takes a lot of time and energy to synthesize the chemical nutrients needed for conventional chemical farming and with climate change and the environment in an increasingly unstable state, it is time to start looking into alternative sources like organic farming. Similarly, the antibiotics excreted by livestock are integrated into the soil, polluting the ground and water even further. Livestock themselves are one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gases. America is ranked second for most meat consumed in the world with 200.6 lbs per person, per year. Cattle that are raised conventionally are indoors almost their entire lives and are fed diets of low quality grain. This diet creates very unhealthy cows that produce unhealthy meat. Conventional red meat has high fat content, contains properties that cause prostate cancer and it is generally considered and unhealthy meat. The opposite has been found in cows raised organically and fed a grass based diet. There are far higher levels of Omega 3 and Omega 6, lower fat content, cancer fighting properties and more.

Biography of Wilbur Wright, Aviation Pioneer

Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) was one half of the aviation pioneering duo known as the Wright Brothers. Together with his brother Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright invented the first airplane to make the first manned and powered flight possible. Wilbur Wrights Early Life Wilbur Wright was born on April 16, 1867, in Millville, Indiana. He was the third child of Bishop Milton Wright and Susan Wright. After his birth, the family moved to Dayton, Ohio. Bishop Wright has in the habit of bringing his sons souvenirs from his church travels. One such souvenir was a whirling top toy, that sparked the Wright Brothers lifelong interest in flying machines. In 1884, Wilbur completed high school and the next year he attended special classes in Greek and trigonometry, however, a hockey accident and his mothers illness and death kept Wilbur Wright from finishing his college education. The Wright Brothers Early Career Ventures   On March 1, 1889, Orville Wright began publishing the short-lived West Side News, a weekly newspaper for West Dayton. Wilbur Wright was the editor and Orville was the printer and publisher. All his life, Wilbur Wright teamed with his brother Orville to develop various businesses and enterprises. Among the Wright Brothers various enterprises were a printing firm and a bicycle shop. Both of these ventures showcased their mechanical aptitude, business sense, and originality. The Pursuit of Flight Wilbur Wright was inspired by the work of German glider Otto Lilienthal, which  led to his desire to fly and his belief that manned flight was possible. Wilbur Wright read everything available on the then-new science of aviation—including all the Smithsonians technical papers on aviation—to study the projects of other aviators. Wilbur Wright thought of a novel solution to the problem of flight, which he described as a simple system that twisted, or warped the wings of a biplane, causing it to roll right and left. Wilbur Wright made history with the first-ever heavier-than-air, manned, powered flight in 1903. Wilbur Wrights Writings In 1901, Wilbur Wrights article, Angle of Incidence, was published in the Aeronautical Journal, and Die Wagerechte Lage Wahrend des Gleitfluges, was published in Ilustrierte Aeronautische Mitteilungen. These were the Wright Brothers first published writings on aviation. The same year, Wilbur Wright gave a speech to the Western Society of Engineers on the Wright Brothers gliding experiments. The Wrights First Flight On December 17, 1903,  Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first free, controlled, and sustained flights in a power-driven, heavier-than-air machine. The first flight was piloted by Orville Wright at 10:35 a.m., the plane stayed twelve seconds in the air and flew 120 feet. Wilbur Wright piloted the longest flight that day in the fourth test, fifty-nine seconds in the air and 852 feet. Wilbur Wrights Death In 1912 Wilbur Wright died after suffering from typhoid fever.

Pudd’nhead Wilson and the Question of Identity - 3195 Words

Pudd’nhead Wilson and the Question of Identity 1. Introduction The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself. - Thales The role of identity and is related to various other themes in Mark Twain’s â€Å"Pudd’nhead Wilson† and therefore functions as the main focus in this paper. Basically every major theme in the book somewhat emerges from the question of identity. The first part of the paper deals with the switching of identities and can be considered as a starting point for the development of the novel. Secondly, it leads to the question of nature and nurture and tries to examine the impact of values and upbringing as well as skin color in the formation of character. Another aspect dealing with the issue of identity is honor and†¦show more content†¦Tom discovers his real identity which changes his life drastically. He is finally aware of the fact that he is not white and it become noticeable in various ways. â€Å"It was the ‘nigger’ in him asserting its humility, and he blushed and was abashed. And the ‘nigger’ in him was surprised when the w hite friend put out his hand for a shake with him† P.56 Tom’s behavior is innate and raises the question of nature and nurture, and racial heritage. Even though Tom is now aware of his origin it does not ultimately change all of his behavior and attitude or as it is described in the book â€Å"In several ways his opinions were totally changed,†¦, but the main structure of his character was not changed and could not be changed†. This condition only lasted for a certain period of time until he â€Å"dropped gradually back into his old frivolous and easy-going ways†¦Ã¢â‚¬  p.57 A similar thing happens to Chambers by the end of the story after Tom has gotten convicted to murder and Pudd’nhead Wilson has found out about the real identities of Tom and Chambers. Being a free man, the original Tom does not know how to deal with this situation because â€Å"his manners were the manners of a slave†. He did not learn how to write or to read, nor did he spend much time somewhere else but in the kitchen. In terms of education and manners, it is more likely that Tom has been able to make a step forward than it was for the fake Tom who was supposed to make a stepShow MoreRelated Law and Slave Identity in Dred and Puddnhead Wilson Essay3376 Words   |  14 PagesLaw and Slave Identity in Dred and Puddnhead Wilson What is a slave? A slave, according to many of the laws in the individual slave states during the 19th century, was an article of property, a thing, and an object not human. However, according to another, the 3/5 Compromise of 1787, a slave was worth 3/5 of a white man. 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Workplace bullying free essay sample

Introduction Over the past 15 years in the U.S. and Canada, the phenomena of workplace bullying and mobbing (bullying by a group rather than an individual) have been widely discussed and debated. There is a growing consensus among lay people and scholars on the definition of workplace bullying, its causes, and its effects on individuals as well as on the workplace itself. At the same time, translating this consensus into effective employment policies and contract provisions is challenging: the parties need clear and enforceable language that also meets the sometimes divergent interests of employees, employers and unions. Our purpose in this paper is to provide assistance to advocates and arbitrators as they deal with this complex workplace problem. We briefly review the definitions, prevalence, impact and causes of workplace bullying and mobbing. We discuss the evolving approaches to workplace bullying by union and management representatives, providing a sampling of employer policy and contract language. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace bullying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, we review a set of arbitration cases for insights into the grounds on which bullying and mobbing cases have been decided. Our conclusion outlines suggestions for further research. The bulk of our research focuses on cases, contracts and employers in the United States. We have tried to add Canadian examples where possible, although differences in the legal and labor relations structures of the two countries limit the applicability of our conclusions. The authors of this paper are labor educators at the Labor Education and Research Center, University of Oregon. In this capacity, among other duties, we train union staff and elected representatives in the technical aspects of labor-management relations. In the early 2000s, we began to notice increased frustration among these advocates with the problem of workplace bullying. For example, in a training class for a group of 30 stewards in a manufacturing facility we were told that bullying by co-workers was one of the most prevalent and difficult problems the stewards faced. A year or two later, we were asked to conduct a seminar for a local governmental jurisdiction – for both union stewards and first-line supervisors – on the phenomenon of bullying and how it might be handled. Since that time, we have conducted several training sessions each year on bullying and mobbing, some for union locals, some for unions and management jointly, and the rest open to a range of union participants. It has become clear that the phenomenon is persistent in both the public and private sectors, and that there is little consensus on effective approaches. What We Know About Bullying Because much has been written recently about the phenomenon of workplace bullying, this section contains only a brief summary of definitions, prevalence and causes of the problem.1 Much attention has been paid to defining the terms â€Å"bullying† and â€Å"mobbing.† The latter was first used by a Swedish psychologist, Heinz Leymann in the 1980s, to refer to â€Å"hostile behaviors that were being directed at workers.†2 By the time U.S. researchers began to pay attention in the 1990s, the more popular term had become â€Å"bullying,† and â€Å"mobbing† was increasingly used to refer to bullying by a group rather than an individual.3 By this time attention to workplace bullying was already developed in the U.K., Canada, Australia and many European countries.4 The Campaign Against Workplace Bullying, created by Drs. Gary and Ruth Namie, popularized the phenomenon in the U.S. beyond academic circles and into mainstream media as well as political action . Most definitions today refer to workplace bullying as hostile behavior directed at employees that affects their ability to do their jobs. Bullying can come from supervisors, co-workers, customers, patients or clients, and it is presumed that the hostile behavior occurs repeatedly, rather than as an isolated event. The specific behaviors that have been documented range from social ostracism to overt aggression (spreading rumors, harsh criticism, even violence). The ultimate consequence of bullying is generally to force the targeted employee out of his or her position.5 A widely accepted definition of bullying can be found in the Healthy Workplace Bill. The proposed language describes an abusive work environment as: Conduct, including acts, omissions, or both, that a reasonable person would find hostile, based on the severity, nature, and frequency of the defendants conduct. Abusive conduct may include, but is not limited to: repeated infliction of verbal abuse such as the use of derogatory remarks, insults, and epithets; verbal or physical conduct of a threatening, intimidating, or humiliating nature; the sabotage or undermining of an employees work performance; or attempts to exploit employees known psychological or physical vulnerability. A single act normally will not constitute abusive conduct, but an especially severe act may meet this standard.6 The key terms in this definition are â€Å"that a reasonable person would find hostile† and â€Å"severity, nature and frequency†. The reasonable person standard attempts to add some level of objectivity to what can seem a very subjective process. Some less severe behaviors, which may be borderline bullying, are very hard to prevent and correct, although they can have a cumulative effect that can result in negative outcomes.7 A single act of anger or hostility – for example, yelling at someone – might or might not be considered bullying, depending on the nature of the incident and the severity. â€Å"Target† is the term used most often to refer to the person being bullied and avoids the negative connotations of the other common term, â€Å"victim.† The literature emphasizes that there are no â€Å"typical† targets – they might be outspoken or vulnerable, â€Å"nice,† or â€Å"unfriendly†, ethical or not – al l employees can be targeted by bullies.8 Bullying behavior falls roughly into two categories: chronic and opportunistic. Chronic bullies have a pathological need to control and harass others. When they succeed in forcing their target to quit or move on, they move to another target. Opportunistic bullies take advantage of a workplace culture that tolerates abuse.9 We know that bullying takes a toll on the target. It affects work performance; it also affects the target’s health and can lead to severe illness and even suicide. The effects on the workplace and on co-workers have also been documented: increased absenteeism, rising healthcare and disability costs, low morale, decreased productivity, and increased turnover.10 A 2010 Zogby poll commissioned by the Workplace Bullying Institute showed that 35 percent of Americans reported being bullied at work and another 15 percent reported having witnessed it (approximately the same percentage (37 percent) of those who responded to a similar Zogby poll in 2007). 68 percent of the reported bullying in the 2010 poll was same-gender.11 Anecdotally, there is a perceived increase in the number of bullying cases over the last te n years. Some argue that the uptick in reported incidences of bullying is an outgrowth of increased attention to the problem. And, certainly, finding a label for a problem that has doubtless always existed, and drawing attention to it, can lead to increased reporting of the phenomenon by those affected. Also, we know it is not uncommon for behavior that is not technically bullying (tough management, lost tempers, personality clashes, etc.) to be misunderstood or mislabeled by affected employees. However, incidents of bullying appear to increase in workplaces that are unstable, poorly managed, stressful, understaffed, undergoing major demographic changes or otherwise in turmoil.12 Where global competition has undermined traditional patterns of employment stability, where recession has been long-lasting, where unionization rates have declined and turnover rates have increased, and where economic restructuring is widespread, it is not surprising that bullying has become a much more widespread concern. I. How Unions and Management Approach Workplace Bullying Bullying and mobbing behavior poses a daunting challenge for labor relations practitioners. The problem is complex and there is little in the way of legal or contractual guidance for handling problems. In this paper we analyze strategies that unions and employers are using to deal with bullying in a collective bargaining environment. Unfortunately, it is difficult to recommend specific best practices for stopping bullying, because there is little evidence-based research on what actually works.13 With that disclaimer, it is still worthwhile to examine trends in how practitioners approach the problem, which include: Employer policies that specifically prohibit bullying or bullying behaviors; Anti-violence policies and/or policies that are broader in their scope, incorporating ideas such as â€Å"mutual respect†, â€Å"civil communication† or â€Å"professional conduct† standards; Contract language and the grievance procedure; Health and safety policies and law.14 A. Employer Policy in the Absence of Effective Statutory Remedies When workplace bullying is directed at a member of a protected class covered by federal, state or local anti-discrimination statutes, it may be dealt with as illegal harassment. But when there is no protected class issue, neither is there a statutory remedy in most jurisdictions. Over the last decade there have been multiple attempts in the United States to pass legislation that would make bullying in the workplace illegal. The Healthy Workplace Bill was introduced in 13 states, including Oregon, Kansas, Missouri and Hawaii, but failed in all.15 The effort to enact legislation continues in the United States, spurred by the fact that attention to bullying has increased greatly. Canada is further along in this effort to enact legislation. Quebec has language in its safety and health statute prohibiting â€Å"psychological harassment,† and in 2010 Ontario enacted changes to its Workplace Safety and Health Act, adding a definition of workplace harassment to the anti-violence language in the statute: â€Å"Engaging in a course of vexatious comment or conduct against a worker in a workplace that is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcome.†16 Meanwhile, efforts to prevent bullying behavior have become more widespread in both countries. Many employers have implemented policies (which may or may not be mutually agreed upon) that deal with bullying or similar hostile behaviors. Employer policies vary in how they handle bullying. Some take a broad approach, addressing workplace interactions between employees, mandating professional conduct or civility. Some have anti-violence or anti-harassment policies calling for a safe environment that is free of threats, intimidation and physical harm, and these may or may not have a specific reference to bullying. The Oregon Nurses Associations (ONA) 2011 publication, â€Å"Nurses and Bullying in the Workplace: A Resource Guide† elaborates on the elements of a model employer policy: A statement that reflects the values of the hospital with regard to bullying, what the hospital will do in response, and a description of the consequences for bullying behavior.17 One challenge to employers is how to define exactly what constitutes bullying. This used to be one of the most difficult steps in coming up with an anti-bullying policy, however the definition outlined in the proposed Healthy Workplace Bill may provide a template to aid the process. Some employers go further and add caveats spelling out what will not be considered bullying. For example, the City of Portland, Oregon discipline policy cites bullying as a reason for which an employee can be disciplined, and offers a very detailed guideline as to what would be considered bullying, versus what is not necessarily bullying.18 In addition, the policy specifies the consequences for bullying behavior, how to report instances of bullying, the steps for investigating claims of bullying, and finally, a prohibition against retaliation. This kind of specificity can narrow the room for disagreement among the union, the employer, and ultimately, if the issue is arbitrable, the arbitrator. Another example comes from the State of Oregon’s Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), one of the earliest public agencies in Oregon to enact an anti-bullying policy, after being pushed vigorously to do so by the union representing its employees, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employee (AFSCME), Local 3336.19 The DEQ’s Anti-Mobbing Policy defined mobbing as follows: Workplace mobbing is a form of harassment that is not based on an individuals protected class status (i.e. gender, race, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, national origin etc.) and is perpetrated by any employee against another employeeMobbing is intentional verbal or nonverbal conduct by one or more individuals against another individual over a period of time.20 The DEQ policy listed the types of behavior and the various ways bullying could occur: †¦among co-workers; among co-workers with a manager siding against one of the co-workers The DEQ policy also allowed, if requested by the target, a dispute resolution procedure with a mediator. One noteworthy element of the policy was its specification that the steps for resolving the bullying might include removing the targeted employee from the situation. The DEQ policy allowed an employee to report the issue to the union steward or supervisor, but the investigation would be conducted by the Human Resources Department; and corrective action would not preclude the requirement that management follow state policy regarding disciplinary actions or that the union provide fair representation to represented employees.21 The requirement to follow â€Å"existing guidelines for discipline† is a key consideration in formulating an employer policy in a union setting. Most of the literature on bullying recommends a zero tolerance policy as a best practice. However, in spite of the frequency of this recommendation in the literature, zero tolerance language can be problematic for both sides. Managers enforcing zero tolerance policies might feel empowered to ignore factors that an arbitrator might consider crucial to establishing an argument of just cause for discipline, such as the use of progressive discipline, whether the punishment fits the offense, or mitigating circumstances. In Part II we give examples of arbitration cases where, in spite of the existence of zero tolerance language, the union filed a grievance alleging a violation of the just cause standard. With a zero tolerance policy the arbitrator might give the employer more leeway in choosing the level of discipline, but in the cases we a nalyzed, the arbitrator considered the overall situation and extenuating circumstances before making a decision.22 There are other problems with zero tolerance language. For example, there is both anecdotal information and evidence-based research that describes situations where the bullied employee snaps and becomes the perpetrator.23 The zero tolerance policy could easily have the effect of capturing the behavior of the bullied employee, but not the bully’s. This does not meet the interest of management or the union. The ONA guide cited above cautions against zero tolerance policies, noting that: †¦while the organization may be trying to ‘signal their commitment to a bully-free workplace’†¦ The unintended consequence may be a mandatory firing of an employee who should not have been.†24 To be effective and credible, of course, any employer policy on bullying must be implemented consistently and energetically, and at all levels of management.25 Recent research in healthcare settings indicates that front-line supervisory intervention is an effective way to change behavior.26 Enforcement of anti-bullying policy can be difficult, of course, especially when management must take action against a perpetrator who is in a position of power, a high producer or strategically important. And if the work environment is unhealthy in other ways (unrealistic expectations, unclear job roles, job insecurity, and perceived injustices), bullying can be even more difficult to isolate and eradicate.27 B. Negotiated Contract Language For many unions trying to address workplace bullying, having language in the collective bargaining agreement that deals with the issue is preferred over employer policy. Negotiating contract language can give unions more control over the process, including access to the grievance procedure. The process of negotiating the language can provide a means for internal discussion and debate among elected leaders and members as to the correct strategy to use. Bullying can be a particularly difficult issue for unions, especially in member against member situations. â€Å"Bully boss† situations, in which the bully is a supervisor or other management representative, while possibly more damaging to the target(s) due to the inherent power of supervisors and other management,28 are in some ways more straightforward for unions to address. While dealing with a bullying supervisor is not in any way an easy process, at least unions can use their usual tools to try to correct the behavior. When the bully is a co-worker/union member the situation is a bit trickier. Traditionally, unions have been averse to playing a role in member-on-member disputes, unless they have a legal mandate to do so, such as in discrimination and sexual harassment cases. After all, discipline is the responsibility of the employer. However, bullying is such a widespread issue, impacting so many members, that in the last decade many unions have pushed for contract language as well as employer policies that prohibit bullying, even if it has meant that they have had to represent the employees disciplined under the very policy for which they advocated. Even if the employer has a policy on bullying, it makes sense, from the union’s perspective, to negotiate contract language. The language may make it possible to use the grievance procedure to pursue perpetrators; and while it may provide alternative resolution processes rather than access to the grievance and arbitration process; at least the process provides a label and visibility to the problem and thus a way to engage management in discussions of solutions. The most basic type of contract provision is that which names disrespect, incivility and/or bullying specifically as unacceptable in the workplace but provides no specific resolution process. Some contract language provides that bullying behavior may be subject to discipline under a just cause provision.29 Some anti-bullying provisions are grievable or even arbitrable.30 Some are not, but are subject to an alternative resolution procedure. An example of such language can be found in the 2012-2013 bargaining agreement between Western Washington University and the Washington Federation of State Employees, AFSCME Council 28, Article 3 – Workplace Behavior: 3.1 The Employer and the Union agree that all employees should work in an environment that fosters mutual respect and professionalism. The parties agree that inappropriate behavior in the workplace does not promote the Universitys business, employee well being, or productivity. All employees are responsible for contributing to such an environment and are expected to treat others with courtesy and respect. 3.2 Inappropriate workplace behavior by employees, supervisors and/or managers will not be tolerated. If an employee and/or the employees union representative believes the employee has been subjected to inappropriate workplace behavior, the employee and/or the employees representative is encouraged to report this behavior to the employees supervisor, a manager in the employees chain of command and/or the Human Resources Office. The University will investigate the reported behavior and take appropriate action as necessary. The employee and/or union representative will be notified upon conclusion. 3.3 This Article is not subject to the grievance procedure in Article 30.31 Workplace Bullying free essay sample Workplace bulling is abusive behavior that creates an intimidating and uncomfortable work environment that affects another person or persons safety or well-being (Qualia Soup, 2014). The article Workplace Bullying: Costly and Preventable by Wiedmer, T. L. (2011) discusses work place bullying and its effects on productivity and the work environment. Workplace bulling is malicious behavior by a person or group of people that causes others to be uncomfortable, fearful, and sometimes threatened. Ultimately, it affects the person’s ability to be productive. As stated in the article, bullying can take many forms. Verbal abuse and offensive conduct can cause employees to feel less confident, humiliated, threatened, and alienated. These feelings will cause employees to be less productive, eventually affecting organizational productivity and profits (Wiemer, T. L. , 2011). The bully tends to act in this manner to gain control, destroy a person’s credibility, and cause harm to the individual and the working environment. Workplace bullying activities resulted in the targets reporting stress related health problems such as anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (Workplace Bullying Institute, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Bullying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d. ) The article describes surveys that were done to measure the extent of bullying that happens in the workplace. The WBI-Zogby survey is the largest scientific study of bullying in the United States. The survey was an online survey conducted in August of 2007 and had 7,740 responses (Workplace Bullying Institute, 2007). Some of the startling results of the survey were: Most bullies are bosses (72%), 57% of targets are women, 62% of employers ignore or worsen the problem, 45% of targets suffer stress-related health problems, 40% of bullied individuals never tell their employers, and only 3% of bullied people file lawsuits (Workplace Bullying Institute, 2007). Because bullying affects an organizations ability to run a healthy environment, institutions such as the Workplace Bullying Institute (WBI) were created. The WBI is the first and only U. S.  organization dedicated to the eradication of workplace bullying that combines help for individuals, research, books, public education, training for professionals-unions-employers, legislative advocacy, and consulting solutions for organizations. (Workplace Bullying Institute, 2014). The institute has helped through thousands of interviews to confirm what types of employees bullies usually target. The bully usually focuses on skilled employees that have the ability to be successful and who are usually brighter than the bullies. The principal weapons that bullying bosses and coworkers employ were alienating the targets from social interaction and withholding validation forcing other coworkers to separate themselves for fear they will become targets (Workplace Bullying Institute, n. d. ). A situation that was observed several years ago was an example of a male employee by the name of Mike being bullied by his female employer, Susan. Her dislike for Mike was evident to the rest of the team. She would use nonverbal cues when he spoke in meetings to show her distaste for him. He would work harder than anyone else would on her team, yet he had the worst performance appraisals and rarely received a merit increase. Susan followed many of the behaviors descried in the article such as consciously undermine Mike’s position, set unrealistic timelines, and misrepresent or distort anything Mike said or did (Wiemer, T. L. , 2011). Finally, Mike became depressed and developed high blood pressure. The lack of respect he felt and the way his health was declining forced him to speak to Susan’s superiors regarding her behavior. Unfortunately, her superiors chose to make excuses for her behavior and ignored the proof that Mike provided. Mike’s productivity and health continued to decline. Eventually, Mike decided that his well-being was more important than a paycheck and he resigned from his position. It was a loss to the company because Mike was a valuable employee that had to be replaced by two people to perform his same job functions. Hiring the replacement employees ended up costing the organization double the amount of Mike’s salary and they are less productive. Because bullying can have effects on both employees and a company’s return on investment, organizations must have policies in place that describe what an acceptable work environment is and what behaviors will and will not be tolerated. Polices must be put in place regarding punishment of intolerable behavior. Disciplinary and legal consequences should be clearly stated. Documentation of workplace policy and procedures should be defined and accessible to all employees. It should be part of training i. e. new employee orientation to ensure all employees are given the policies to review (Wiemer, T. L. , 2011). Another tool employers can put in place is a resource where bulling activities can be reported. The resource should be available for employees to be able to report when they are being harassed or bullied (EHow, 2014). The awareness of workplace bullying has increased dramatically. As statistics show, 56% of companies now have anti-bullying polices because more than 1/3 of U. S. workers have experienced bullying by their boss or Coworkers. Eight states are working to pass anti-bullying legislation but many companies fear the laws are too broad and invite frivolous claims from poor performing employees that are appropriately disciplined (Fox News, 2014). Employees can take action to ensure their accusations are taken seriously. The first step is understanding the definition of workplace bullying. They should research and use sources i. e. The WBI to understand their rights. The employee should take note of each incident, gather evidence and documentation, and report the incident to the appropriate individual or department. If necessary, the employee may need to take legal action. Employees have a responsibility to report incidents of workplace bullying. Employers are responsible to ensure the workplace environment is a healthy, positive, bully free place for employees to work and be productive.

Vulnerable Populations Victims of Violence Essay Example

Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence Paper Running Head: ‘Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence’ ‘Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence’ Norita Prather BSHS/302-BSAE0ZSH3 University of Phoenix Instructor: Tami Frye September 26, 2011 Each domestic abuse relationship is unique, and has a pattern that holds certain signs, clues, and characteristics that could have helped decide if one were in an unhealthy or abusive relationship. There are significant indicators that are common to all virtual cases of domestic abuse, mainly because people have heard much about domestic abuse, but did not think it applied to their situation. What is domestic abuse, how is it defined for someone to recognize and seek help; coming from someone that has a damaged cornea as a result of domestic abuse, I will give my definition. I think a single incident usually does not constitute abuse. Domestic abuse usually involves a pattern of abusive events, where victims typically experience a repetitive, cyclic pattern of destructive or violent behaviors that generally escalate over time. I think the main contributor of domestic abuse if based on power and control. There are many misconceptions of what taking control means, in a domestic abuse situation, taking control to one may think that is a sign of caring and wanting only the best for the other. Furthermore, there is no reason for anyone to go through domestic abuse whether it is physical or verbal. I would advise victims to be smart, and safe, and get awaysomeone’s life might depend on the choice you make. The history of domestic violence has been prevalent throughout the United States and other parts of the Worldand intimate partner abuse has been a art of many cultures for many generations. From my understanding, British common law had allowed a man to â€Å"chastise† his wife with â€Å"any reasonable instrument†. In the United States, throughout the 1800’s, state laws and cultural practices continued to support a man’s right to discipline his wife. It was not until 1895 that a woman could even divorce her husband on ground of abuse. Domestic abuse af fects men and women, but one out of four women will be a victim at some point of their lifetime (Roberts, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first shelter for battered women and their children was opened in London, England within a few years of 1975, emergency shelters for battered women opened in different parts of the United States such as the one in New York City; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Fresno, California. In 1994, the Violence Against Women Act was adopted. The act encouraged research into domestic abuse and generated the legal and financial support for law enforcement and social services to protect battered women. Because of the traumatic nature of domestic violence, it is recognized worldwide with major initiative to improve the continual efforts regarding policies and courts responses to battered individuals. Today, there are many policies, programs, intervention strategies, and legal enforcers for dealing with victims and abusers of domestic violence. Being a victim/survivor of domestic abuse creates numerous issues and experiences including, readjustment, insecurities, anger, confusion, and self-doubt. Oftentimes, abused individuals lose family and friends as a result of the battering. Generally, the abuser isolates them from family and friends. The level of inflicted abused becomes an embarrassment and the abused individual usually withdraws from their support system to avoid embarrassment. Feelings of anxiety sometimes emerge if you decide to exit the situation and are reentering into a new world free of violence. Social problems also surfaces from domestic abuse; it creates feelings of isolation and exclusion. According to authors, John Hamel and Tonia Nicholla (Hamel Nicholla, 2007), domestic abuse is not abusive at all times. It follows a three-phase cycle known as ‘The Cycle of Violence’. The cycle starts in the honeymoon phase, and over time, tension builds and then the abuse starts. The domestic abuse cycle is continual and people often stay because the honeymoon phase comes back around and displays remorse. Victims usually choose to stay because promises have been made that the violent acts will never happen again; do not ever believe it will never happen again because it will, and now, the abuse will become more frequent and oftentimes, more severe. Unfortunately, domestic violence is a worldwide epidemic, and is one of the most chronically underreported crimes. Your socioeconomic class, religion, race, or ethnic group, etc. does not have an influence on whether or not you become involved in the cycle of domestic abuse. Although there is no distinctive category at identifying who is at risk for domestic violence, there are some common situations among people who experience domestic violence, such as being abused as a child, witnessed domestic violence as a child, isolated socially from family and friends, physical or mental disability, unemployment, poverty or poor living situations, previously in an abusive relationship, simply planning to leave or has recently left an abusive situation, etc. The Bureau of Justice Statistics crime data brief reported that 85% of domestic abuse is women, and women of all races are about equally vulnerable to violence by an intimate partner. Allstate Foundation conducted a national poll on domestic abuse and reported that nearly three out of four (74%) of Americans personally knew someone who is or has been a victim of domestic violence. Thirty-percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. Getting out of a domestic violence situation is not easy, but there are many domestic violence abuse programs for victims and their children within the criminal justice and child welfare systems. The wide array of services are unlimited and range from advocacy and support services, anonymous telephone hotlines where you can call, and seek advice, abused and battered shelters where you can stay, counseling, community-based services, non-profit resources and organizations, local, and state government services and assistances. Additionally, there are plenty of national resources for domestic violence that fosters discussion forum where victims can talk with others involved in domestic violence and prevention to nurture empowerment and belonging among one another. The effectiveness of future intervention strategies depend upon human service workers, law enforcement officers, educators, domestic abuse, and child welfare organization personnel to all play collaborating roles in the prevention and intervention of cases of harmful domestic violence. Once domestic violence has been identified, future intervention should include follow-up and referral services, evaluations of the victim(s) for immediate needs, a safety plan that is personalized, and gone over with someone with a knowledgeable background with domestic violence; and efficient review of the pattern and history of the domestic violent cases to prevent future risk of death or significant injury/harm. In closing, domestic abuse is an unfortunate situation that profoundly affects everyone that is involved in the situation and intervention process. Domestic violence should not happen to anyone, but it does, and when it occurs there is help. Domestic abuse can cause major long-term troubles for battered individuals such as physical and mental difficulties. Overall, any type of abuse whether it is physical or verbal is unacceptable and should not be tolerated. Everyone deserves to live free of fear, and be safe and happy. References Allstate Foundation National Poll on Domestic Violence, 2006. Lieberman Research Inc. Tracking Survey conducted for The Advertising Council and the Family Violence Prevention Fund, July – October 1996. Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief, Domestic Violence, 1993-2001, February 2003. Hamel, J. , Nicholla, T. , (2007). Family Intervention in Domestic Violence. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Roberts, A. , (2002). Handbook of Domestic Violence Intervention Strategies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

William Butler Yeats Leda And The Swan Essays - Greek Mythology

William Butler Yeats Leda And The Swan Essays - Greek Mythology William Butler Yeats Leda And The Swan William Butler Yeats poem Leda and the Swan is a hauntingly beautiful recreation of the Greek myth in which Zeus takes the form of a swan in order to seduce Leda, who, as a result of this brutality becomes the mother of Helen of Troythe woman who is credited with starting the Trojan War. Yeats choice of employing the sonnet format (sometimes associated with romantic thoughts) in order to retell this story, along with other poetic techniques, allows the poem to go beyond the familiar story which has been told and retold many times. Within the realm of the storyline, this poem captures the moment during which Zeus, disguised as a swan, overwhelms and attacks a helpless young woman. During the first four lines of the poem, the speaker wastes no time in situating the reader as to what is occurring: A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. First of all, swans are not often associated with being birds of violence. One might envision a vulture attacking someone, but swans are thought of as birds of beauty and grace, and symbolize elegance and peacefulness. The action of the swan in the poem actions is the total opposite and one may find it ironic. This could imply the reason that Zeus chose this bird for his disguise: it would be easier to surprise and overwhelm Leda. Starting the poem with this instance of violence as Yeats chooses to, brings the reader immediately in on a moment of supreme horror. Throughout the poem, the compact nature of the lines, all in iambic pentameter, along with their rhyming endings, further escalate the fever pitch of the moment by swiftly moving along the reader. The ringing assonance of end words still and bill, caressed and breast all work to keep the reader riveted as to what is occurring here in the beginning. The next four lines capture the terror that Leda must feel as she is overwhelmed and virtually smothered by this living down comforter. Yet the speaker manages to incorporate a sensual aspect within the violent confines of the description. Amidst the violence of the rape as it is occurring, the speaker manages to convey confusion, and wonder at what it is that is actually overtaking Leda. The speaker wonders How can those terrified vague fingers push/The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? At this point in the poem, it becomes clear with the descriptive language and imagery that this is much more than a random act of violence. Has it occurred to Leda just who is occupying the body of the swan? Is there more here than a rape scene? Since, as part of the myth it is known that Zeus is the one occupying the form of the swan, and since he is king of the gods this could be interpreted as more of a divine intervention.. This is even more telling because Helen of Troy, the woman who launched 1000 ships because of her beautyis the result of this union. The following four lines (lines 9, 10, 11 & 12) go one step further. These lines refer to the overtaking of Troy by the Greeks, during which the gods all respectively played their part and personalities by taking their preferred sides. The speaker could be connecting the conception of Helen, whose eventual abduction from her husband, Menelaus, (brother of Agamemnon) began the Trojan War. In typical Shakespearean Sonnet format, the last two lines of the poem form a resolution of sorts. Here, the speaker is questioning what exactly, if anything, that Leda took from this attack. In a way, this leaves Leda with the upper hand. Did she put on his knowledge with his power/Before the indifferent beak could let her drop? This statement questions what Leda might have gained from the attack. As a woman unable to fend off the overpowering nature of this attack, Leda had no say in the matter of this brutal rape. Yet the speaker seems to be questioning whether or not Leda left this scene a changed womanperhaps even empowered? Again, one

Job Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Job Analysis - Essay Example The Parking and Transportation Office Assistant is required to have a strong inclination towards teamwork as he will be working with supervising staff and other administrative staff for technical and functional assistance. One has to be professional in appearance to keep a good image of the office he represents and to demand respect from the people he deals with. Moreover, the Office Assistant should have the passion for excellent customer service because it is his basic duty to communicate with them. Therefore, with this demand the job requires, the employee should also have the ability to think creatively and critically as well as work independently. He should have the initiative to oversee the organization of the office and its efficient functioning as needed. Attention to detail is required to keep the office run efficiently and smoothly including details to information entered for recording purposes. The Office Assistant should have a good working knowledge of computer software especially Word and Excel for the entry of data gathered during the day. He should have gained a one year experience on general clerical duties. He will be under direct supervision while learning work requirements and responsibilities will widen as one learns to perform basic duties and seem to show mastery of which. Examples of specific duties are as follows: answer phone calls and inquiries regarding parking and transportation services offered by SCHOOL NAME; personally receive customers and attend to their needs and inquiries regarding parking and transportation of the school; type information like inquiries, parking permits sold, permits ordered, parking citations issued and the like; enter data on Word and Excel processors for record keeping; proofread and process documents like general correspondence, forms, memos, and documents from drafts, notes, verbal instructions; process applications, approved parking permits and licenses; collect fees and record

The Theoretical Foundations of the Old Diplomacy Are Outdated Essay

The Theoretical Foundations of the Old Diplomacy Are Outdated - Essay Example ..’ Its practice dates back to the earliest known civilizations, beginning, according to Hamilton & Langhorne (2011, p.7), when early human societies realized that it makes for much better peace and harmony to listen to a message rather than to eat the messenger. Political entities, even in those times, recognized the need to co-exist with one another, as well as to enter into unions and forge alliances - in defence or offence - against common threats and perceived enemies. Early diplomatic practice, which may have begun in the ancient Near East around the middle of the third millennium B.C. (Hamilton & Langhorne, 2011, p.8) provided the framework for this. The practice of diplomacy has evolved over time, with two broad classifications emerging: the ‘old diplomacy’, practiced up to the early part of the twentieth century and the ‘new diplomacy’, which succeeded it. Theoretical Foundations of the ‘Old Diplomacy’ The gradual evolution of ea rly political entities (clans, villages, tribes, etc.) over millennia gave rise to the birth of sovereign nation states. The need to maintain an orderly structure of international relations in order to secure the growing prosperity of the nation states, in other words, the necessity for diplomacy between expanding political entities with often competing interests saw the emergence in Europe of what has been loosely described as the ‘old diplomacy’. It had, according to Nicolson (1954, p.73-77), five principal features, as follows: 1. Europe was conceived as the most important of all the continents. The greatest nations of Europe (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France and Britain) were regarded as the ‘Great Powers’ while other nations had to wear the toga of ‘Minor’ or ‘Small Powers’ No war, it was believed, could become a major global threat unless one of the five great European powers got themselves embroiled in it. Thus Europ e was seen as holding the balance between war and peace on a general scale. 2. The ‘Great Powers’ were seen as pre-eminent over the ‘Small Powers’, having wider responsibilities, holding more prominent and sophisticated interests and possessing greater resources, whether in money or armaments. The ‘Small Powers’ were ranked in order of their strategic importance and position, their value as markets or sources of raw materials and their relation to the balance of power. 3. The ‘Great Powers’ arrogated to themselves the common responsibility for exercising oversight functions in regard to the conduct of affairs between the ‘Small Powers’ and the preservation of peace and amity amongst them, considering themselves invested with the authority to intervene directly and by force of arms where necessary, in disputes and disagreements between these ‘Small Powers’. 4. To secure and uphold the hegemonic structure th us put in place, there was the need to establish in every country a professional diplomatic service and an associated diplomatic corps built on a more or less identical model, with common standards of professional conduct. This made it possible for Ambassadors of various countries to relate to each other with mutual respect and confidence, even when the nations they represented were engaged in acrimonious disputes or warfare. 5. Following from the above, the rule was also established that negotiations between states should be

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Cipla Essay

Risks And Challneges Of The EU Expansion :: essays research papers

Risks and challenges of the EU expansion I. Introduction For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the fall of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary. Additionally Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further consideration because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very likely joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation. II. Risks and challenges If one wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming expansion of the EU one should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were somewhat comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically weak countries sought admission to the then so called European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget. But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified. The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector. In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be â‚ ¬5 - â‚ ¬6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states. The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers. Risks And Challneges Of The EU Expansion :: essays research papers Risks and challenges of the EU expansion I. Introduction For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the fall of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary. Additionally Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further consideration because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very likely joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation. II. Risks and challenges If one wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming expansion of the EU one should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were somewhat comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically weak countries sought admission to the then so called European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget. But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified. The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector. In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be â‚ ¬5 - â‚ ¬6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states. The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers.

Problems & Prospects of Women Entrpreneurship

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Bangladesh, a large number of women work in the informal sector, but the real value of their participation and contribution is not recognized in the society. Differences and inequalities between women and men exist in terms of opportunities, rights, and benefits. There are various constraints in the way to the up-gradation of their skills and enhancement of their productivity. These include poor access to market, information, technology and finance, poor linkages and networks with support services and an unfavorable policy and regulatory environment.However, it is heartening to note that despite many barriers, a new women’s entrepreneur class in the Small and Medium sector has developed in the country taking on the challenge to work in a male dominated, competitive and complex economic and business environment. It has been found that at present women entrepreneurs constitute less than 10% of the total business entrepreneurs in Bangladesh whereas women in a dvanced market economies own more than 25% of all businesses.Inspire of these, in Bangladesh, not only have the women’s entrepreneurship improved their living conditions and earned more respect in the family and the society, but they have also contributed to business and export growth, supplies, employment generation, productivity and skill development . our study includes introductory part that contain introduction about women entrepreneur , scope of women entrepreneurs, objective of our study, methodology, limitation of report that we found to prepare our report on problem and prospectus of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh.In second part, we explain literature review that contain problem and prospectus of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. To explain these problem and prospectus of women entrepreneurship. We also explain scope, source, characteristics, growth, profile of some successful entrepreneur, their barriers and the way to overcome the barriers and future scope of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh. In third part, we explain our findings from surveying some women entrepreneurs around us. Here we express our findings by some descriptory relevant points.Concluding some of our findings, recommendation in our respects and I tried to set a figure that I've found in this study of problems and prospects of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. There adding some recommendation to the study. I finish my summary. INTRODUCTORY PART OF STUDY INTRODUCTION: Bangladesh is still a poor country, but she is rich in human resource. In Bangladesh women constitute slightly less than half the population. The majority of them are underprivileged, under nourished, illiterate and poor. There are not enough employment opportunities for women.Therefore, economic activities, through self-employment have become essential for potential working women. As a matter of fact, women entrepreneurship or â€Å"women in business† is a very recent phenomenon in Bangladesh. Al though women are taking to entrepreneurship in many challenging fields, their activities in Bangladesh are not that extensive. In spite of fewer opportunities, many women have succeeded in business, but they are still very small in number. But it is true that they are overcoming their obstacles and build a strong contribution in our national economy. Objective of the studyThe overall objective of the study is to identify the problems and prosperity of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The objective of our study is described in below: a) To identify the present status of women entrepreneurs in different sectors and the role of women entrepreneurs in the national economy, b) To determine the women entrepreneurs profile, their success indicators with reference to a particular sector c) To examine and assess the socio-cultural/educational and legal barriers to women's entry into enterprise, as well as performance and growth in entrepreneurship ) To examine the issues need to address to increase access to economic opportunities and formal inputs which promote entrepreneurship development. e) To review the current policies towards gender equality and identify gaps; f) To examine how women’s business associations can strengthen women’s position in business and international trade promotions; g) To indicate areas in need of further research with understanding of economic contributions by female enterprise owners; h) To provide strategic directions on how to promote and strengthen potentiality of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.Scope of the study The scope of the present study covers women entrepreneurs of 34 districts of Bangladesh, irrespective of their ownership pattern and type of enterprises. The study also makes an attempt to project a broad view of the status of the existing women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Some important factors such as personal, social, psychological and economic-factors have been examined in order to understand whether t hese facilitate or constrain women to emerge as successful entrepreneurs.The study also throws light on women entrepreneurs’ strength and weakness that have impact on entrepreneurship on the socio-economic status of both urban and rural women and their living conditions. Methodology Selection of Study Area: He sample data is collected randomly from different parts of Bangladesh. Sampling Design: Random sampling procedure was followed to select the sample. the number of total sample is 10. Sample was taken from Dhaka and Chittagong City. The Questionnaire: A set of questionnaire was prepared to conduct the field survey.The questionnaire contain some relevant question about women entrepreneurship and their problem and prospectous in this field. Method of Data Collection: Our method of data collection are based on: * Primary Data * Secondary Data * Questionnaire Survey * Questionnaire Interview * Website Limitations of the study Since the study is based on problems and prospectu s of women who engaged in Bangladesh, it has some obvious limitations. These are as follows: * 1 . Data collection through primary source or through interview was a time consuming matter. The respondents sometimes were found non-cooperative with the interviewers. 2 Present study covered women problems and prospectus in entrepreneurship sector. Large scale business had been kept outside the purview of the present study. * 3. Gathering information from some of the women entrepreneurs was sometimes very difficult and extremely time-consuming. They did not give enough time to the interviewers. * 4. Further, it was also found that women entrepreneurs have a tendency to disclose lower income and higher expenses. They think that this would help them to get more credit. This is considered to be a limitation to the research study. * 5.Contacting women entrepreneurs to gather information was a very difficult task. * 6. The study was conducted among women entrepreneurs all around Bangladesh wh ere all the Upazillas were not covered and as such this may not reflect the total picture of Bangladesh relating to women entrepreneurs. * 7. In view of time and resource constraints, conducting a comprehensive study in full depth and width has not been possible. Literature review A. Concept of women entrepreneurship Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise.Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business. It is noticeable that en trepreneurship development and empowerment are complementary to each other.Women empowerment depends on taking part in various development activities. In other words, the involvement of women in various entrepreneurial activities has empowered then in social, economic and cultural fields. The power of an access to taking decisions has increased for women in Bangladesh, within as well as outside the family. Yet, women entrepreneurship development varies across rural and urban areas B. Growth of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh: Ten years ago, a majority of the women workers in Bangladesh worked in the informal sector.They were mostly unpaid and did not contribute directly to formal economic activities. However, the demographic structure of the labour participation in Bangladesh is witnessing a remarkable change. An increasing number of women are working in the formal sector as entrepreneurs and paid workers, a situation that was not seen in the past. This gradual transformation o f women’s participation from the informal to the formal sectors has resulted in an upward mobility in the social and economic status of women, especially that of poor women in the country.In order to gain an understanding of the current situation, it becomes important to trace the factors that are contributing towards a progressive transformation in the status of women in the country. Since the early 1990s, the growth of manufacturing industries provided women an opportunity to enter the formal labour market. A large number of rural women migrated to cities at a very young age, thereby reducing women labour in agriculture in rural areas. A new generation of women workers emerged in the country that was financially independent and lived alone in urban areas without male supervision.Moreover, expansion of credit facilities gave women access to funds. Initially, women had access to less than one percent of the credit in the formal banking sector in Bangladesh. However, with the advent of the micro finance sector, many women had the opportunity to actively participate in income generating activities. Women, who mostly participated in non-farm activities and homestead farming, engaged in small-scale production, especially in rural areas. On an average, women earn 40% less than men in Bangladesh and have limited ownership over assets.Although there is a persistent problem of under-remuneration of women employed in formal sector activities, the potential of women’s economic contribution is slowing gaining recognition. Along with the expansion of the manufacturing sector and credit facilities, the growth of the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) has had a positive impact on women’s empowerment. A good number of NGOs engaged women not just in implementing development projects but also in the planning and designing stages. Women were actively involved in all stakeholder consultations. As a esult, women’s role and participation in health an d community development activities has been steadily increasing at the local level. At the same time, active participation in development projects has raised women’s awareness on their legal rights and benefits, which is also contributing towards their empowerment. In 2009, women’s labour force participation rate stood at 31. 5%, an increase of around 2% since 2005. During this period, although the participation of women in the labour force has increased by roughly 1 million as compared to 3 million of men, there is definitely a progressive change taking place.The changing role and status of women in Bangladesh today is characterized by increased opportunities. A research study conducted by the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry reveals that women entrepreneurs are more likely to hire other women. In addition to creating jobs opportunities for women, such a trend will result in an overall increase in the progress of women in the country. Greater particip ation of women in remunerative work will not only improve their living conditions but also improve their bargaining positions.Employed women will have better access to mainstream banking services which will help them to save and invest their income in tangible assets. Furthermore, formal sector employment opportunities for young women could reduce early marriages. Roughly 33% of women aged 15-49 in Bangladesh get married before the age of 15. Participation of young women in formal employment will not only prevent early marriages but also reduce fertility rates and health-related problems caused by early marriage.Looking ahead, while access to labour markets is rising for women, capacity building services for women workers such as comprehensive training programs need to be developed alongside in the country. One of the important challenges faced by most women entrepreneurs is lack of access to market information. Therefore, supportive infrastructure such as information centres must b e established to disseminate information on potential buyers, available technology and finance, which will make their business sustainable and profitable.Addressing such key challenges presents a strong prognosis for women’s employment in the long run, which will in turn result in greater empowerment of women and gradually eliminate social barriers in the country. C. Main scope: Scope of women enterprise covers a wide range of activities. The activities which are found particularly amenable to and can be successfully. The scope of women enterprise are represented: Figure: Scope of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh D. Capital Structure: Capital is most important part to start up business.Women take initiative to start their business if she is financially strong or if she get financial support. We can define the capital structure of women in two way- 1. Long Term Sources 2. Short Term Sources 1. Long Term Sources: These are the loans taken for a fairly long duration of time ranging from 5 to 10 years or more. Long term loans are raised to meet the financial requirement of enterprise for acquiring the fixed asset including land,building,plant and machinery etc. Figure: Sources of Long Term Capital 2. Short Term Sources:Short term capital is obtained for aperiod upto 1 year. These are required to meet the day to day business requirement. In other words,short term capital is obtained to meet the working capital requirement of the enterprise- Figure: Sources of Short term capital E. PROFILE OF SOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR The assignment also includes conducting of 30 case studies of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The entrepreneurs were selected for the purpose at random. However, the accessibility of the entrepreneurs in terms of their time and convenience was also a factor in the selection.The studies are presented in the following pages. The case studies mirror some important aspects of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. PROFILE 01: BRIDAL WEAR AN D FASHION DESIGN: DALSANEA Dalsanea, an exclusive fashion house is a popular brand name to Bangladeshi fashion loving people. The enterprise represents the beauty, women power and sprit of our time. Inspired by the theme, the enterprise was established in 1989 in Chittagong by Afsana Ahmed Shoma, the Chief Executive. Shoma is a truly self motivated business woman. Although she is an M.Com (Finance), had a great interest in women fashion from her teenage life with a dream to be a fashion designer which inspired her for establishing the enterprise. She learns from new fashions that came to her notice. Today, she is specialized in wedding outfit design. Now Shoma is using a rented house in Dhaka as her work place and residence. She employs over 60 men and women to design and manufacturing wedding and party collection and soft evening dresses. She also uses contract workers for minor initial works. She is looking forward to establishing a separate workshop for her business, if financial support from banks is available.The demand for her products is quite high and she has no marketing problem. Her products go mostly in big cities such as Dhaka and Chittagong. Most of the time, she receives advanced orders from the showroom owners of the big cities. She has participated in a number of national and international trade fairs and received recognition for her customized fashion brand. Investment: Originally, she invested about Tk. 1. 5 lakh in her business mostly from her own savings and borrowings from the close family members and about Tk. lakh from a private Bank and repaid. Recently, she applied for a loan of Tk. 10 lakh to MIDAS financing limited and the application is under process. Today the total investment in her business amounts to about Tk. 40 lakh. Income /Expenditure: Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 60 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 35 lakh. Social and environmental factors: The social factors that generally hinders Bangladeshi women in taking up business as a profession does not affect her much although her family members could not take her decision positively.However, she has overcome these problems with perseverance and determination. Environmental problems don’t affect her much since the by products from her operation are mainly dry and degradable materials that are disposed by the Municipal waste collector. She is a member of several professional bodies and a familiar person in business and social life.. Future Prospects: The Dalsanea has good prospect for further development. At present, it is growing at the rate of about 25% per year. It has a plan to export mainly in the South Asian region. PROFILE 02: LEATHER AND JUTE GOODS: KARIGARKARIGAR, a leather and jute goods producing enterprise is a pride and inspiration of young entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The enterprise was established in 2005 by a young graduate in Leather Product Technology, Tania Wahab and her friend. Tania is a self motivated business woman at a time when a large number of young professionals look for job after graduation instead of becoming entrepreneur. Bangladesh is an exporting country of lathe products and jute goods. Animal skin and hide are available in Bangladesh and the climate made the country as the producer of best quality jute in the World.After graduation, Tania spends no time to take the advantage of raw materials availability in the country and the skill she acquired from the Bangladesh College of Leather Technology to fulfil her dream to be a business women. She is a self motivated, energetic and heard working woman with keen interest to learn. Although Tania is specialized on leather products but she is learning business management by doing. KARIGAR has two factories and a showroom in Dhaka- the second showroom is on the way. It has over 50 products such as Leather goods (jacket, wallet, belt jewellery box, slipper etc. , Jute goods (bags, cushion cover, table matt, table runner etc. ) and promotiona l items. The company employs 35 people of whom 95% are women to run the factory and the showroom. The enterprise also uses contract workers during the peak season. Tania is looking forward to establish an international standard factory in course of time. She markets her products by selling from her showroom and supplying to different client’s office on order. She has participated in national and international trade fairs with her products and gain respects. Investment: Initially, she and her friend have invested about Tk. 0. lakh in the business mostly borrowing from the close family members. Today they have accumulated about Tk. 15 lakh as operating capital. This year they borrowed Tk. 5 lakh from a private Bank. Social and environmental factors: The social factor affected her very much, initially. Fellow business men at the hub of Leather business in Dhaka could not believe that she will survive with the business because she is a woman. Gradually she has overcome these prob lems with enthusiasm and determination and become a member of their association, which makes her presence acceptable to the member of the association.Environmental problems, especially disposal of waste materials affect her and she is trying to dispose the waste, scientifically. She is a member of several professional bodies. She is a resource person in different training programs. In 2006, Tania received National Best WomenEntrepreneur Award from SME Foundation, Bangladesh and listed as a raising business woman of Bangladesh by the International Trade centre, Geneva. Income /Expenditure: Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 10. 0 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 8. 0 lakh. At present the enterprise is growing at a rate of about 60% per yearFuture Prospects: KARIGAR’s products have good prospect for marketing both at home and abroad. The enterprise exported about Tk. 18. 5 lakh worth of leather, jute and leather-jute mix products to UK and Australia in 2007-8 through a buying house. To increase the export, the enterprise must have international standard environmental friendly workshop for which Tania has a plan to setup. However, she needs promotional support from SME Foundation and long term loan from banks. PROFILE 03: HEALTH FOOD: EYA DON ENTERPRISE EYA DON, an exclusive health food supplier is a popular fast food in Dhaka.The enterprise represents the quality; test andnutritious food for all. Khalida Ahmed, the director, is a children story writer, wanted to do something for the children. She is a very good cook of specialized Indian food from her family life and develops her brand with special sugar content food which is good for children test and growth. Khalida raised her three children and learned the requirement Of nutritious and healthy food for children. She is now an expert of testy food especially for children. With the help of husband and other family members, she established the enterprise in 2000 at Mohammedpur, Dhaka.Khalida is a truly motivated social worker and business woman. She makes ready polau in 10 minutes, prepares Makhna, a special nutritious food for children, mixed acher (pickles), frozen kabob and many other food items. Eya Don’s food items received Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) approval for marketing by fulfilling quality, nutrition and hygienic requirements. Khalida is using a rented house in Dhaka as her work place and residence. She employs seven men and women to prepare and market food items. She also uses contract workers for minor initial works.She is looking forward to establishing a separate kitchen for her business, if financial support is available. She supplies foods to schools, Government and non-government offices on a contract basis. She also markets her products through super stores such as Agora, Nandan, Destiny, Prince Bazar etc. in Dhaka. She also made push sell, participated food fairs in Bangladesh. In 2004 she has exported a ton of frozen food to UK but could not continue due to lack of sufficient fund to build a bigger factory. Investment: Originally, she invested about Tk. 1. lakh in her business mostly from her and husband’s saving. She has now accumulated about Tk. 20. 0 lakh as operating capital. Recently, she applied for a loan of Tk. 8. 0 lakh to MIDAS financing limited and the application is under process. Income /Expenditure: Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 1. 5 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 1. 2 lakh. Social and environmental factors: The social factors do not affect her much rather her husband and family members helped to establish the enterprise to keep her busy when children grown up. Environmental problems don’t affect her.She is a member of several professional bodies and a familiar person in business and social life. Future Prospects: The EYA DON Enterprise is growing at the rate of about 16% per year with good prospect for further growth. It has a plan to establish a frozen food factory with international standards for which the staff needs HACCP training; technical know-how and the company need financial support. F. Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: Our study paid a lot of attention to investigate the challenges and problems faced by women entrepreneur. According to the study 94. % entrepreneur face different types of challenges and 5. 95% does not face any challenges or problems to start their enterprise. The challenges or problems are categorized in following ways: Figure: Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh 1. Financial Problem: Inadequacy of capital is the main problem of women entrepreneureneurs. Women have limited capital mainly from family savings and for initial capital they have to resort to the relative and other sources. For bank loan women need to give the collateral. Most women cannot expand their business due to financial problem.Marketing: Absence of marketing facilities for women or easy access and the absence of prop er sales centre are some of the major obstacles to do business. Women supply their products in markets through middleman. Due to shortage of capital women cannot afford to establish sale centers and they cannot expand their market for this. Raw Material: Women often face problem of price increase of the raw materials they use and have to pay high rate for retail purchase. Due to lack of capital they cannot purchase bulk quality of raw material and have to pay a high rate for retail purchase.Price: Due to lack of market facilities women do not get the proper prices for their products,which are under priced by the customers or wholesalers who order their products. Other problems arise when the buyer does not provide the actual price or the wholesalers takes goods on credit. Labor: Moreover, on-availability of efficient or skilled labor is another problem. Equipment: Lack of improved equipment and machinery,existing competition faced due to expansion of production. 2. Political Problem : Political unrest like hartal /strike hindrance brings harm to their business .In that time the entrepreneurs face a problem to produce and sale their goods . 3. Family problem: Some entrepreneur‘s mention that they also face family problem, they cannot spend. Much time for their business because they are engaged with their house hold work and take care their children . Women are in traditional and skill based business because the household members want that women should be involved in home based business which require less mobility or interaction mainly women customers . 3. Social problem: Women are handicapped in the current centralized wholesale market set up controlled by men.The men in business do not welcome women’s entrance in the market and they often discourage women. Women entrepreneurs are often cheated by their male partners. 4. Transportation Problem: Linkages with the markets and flow of constant supply of product are hampered by the lack of quality trans portation problem. 5. Lack of technical problem: Technology is changing and women have very little access to new technology and market information. Women normally work within a small geographic area with limited mobility. 6. Stiff Competition:Women entrepreneurs do not have organizational set up to pump in a lot of money for canvassing and advertisement. Thus,they have to face a stiff competition for marketing their products. 7. Limited Mobility: Unlike men, women mobility in Bangladesh is highly limited due to various reasons. A single women asking for room is still looked upon suspicion. 8. Lack of Education: In Bangladesh, around 60% of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socio-economic problems. Due to the lack of education and that too qualitative education, women are not aware of business, technology and market knowledge.Thus, lack of education creates problems for women in the setting up and running of business enterprises. 9. Male-Dominated Society: W omen suffer from male reservations about a women’s role, ability and capacity are treated accordingly. Thus in turn, serves as a barrier to women entry into business. 10. Low Risk Bearing Ability: Women in Bangladesh lead a protected life. They are less educated and economically not self-dependent. Risk bearing is an essential requisite of a successful entrepreneur. 11. Other Problems: Law and other situation poses problems for women’s mobility. Another problem is insecure feelings.Sometimes police, admen create problem to carry their goods. Women have no legal knowledge or help in protecting their industries and often fall victims to illegal threats or criminal offenses. Frequent power failures are another important factor which hampers their production in time which effect on their business market. Women suffer from information crisis. In addition to above problem, inadequate infrastructural facilities, shortage of power, high cost production, social attitude, low ne ed for achievement and socuio-economic constraint also hold the women back from entering into business.G. Prospects of Women Entreprenuer Though women entreprenuer have a lotos of problems,still there are lots of opportunities also for them to continue. Women get preferential treatment in different official matter, handle with considerations, to better quality controlling and can maintain good customer relation. Now day’s educated women are coming forward to entreprenuership just after comleting their education. This is a very good sign for women empowerment and as well as material development There are several areas where the women entreprenuers have good prospect.The areas where the women entreprenuers can get an easy access are discussed: Figure: Prospects of Women Entrepreneur 1. Self –Employed: These women have acquired on own, especially from parents, relatives or friends, the skills and capacities to operate enterprises. Some have undergone training and apprenti ceship or worked as skilled labourers and obtained enough knowledge to start their own business. So women can move toward self employment. 2. Enterprise Ownership: Women can be the owner/operators of existing micro-enterprises, prove management and technical skill in self-employment. They often wish to xpand, upgrade or diversify their business through employment of family members as apprtenticeship especially in the rural areas or engage and hire workers for the production when the business progresses in the urban areas. 3. Manufacturing: Women’s traditional skills enable them to take up manufacturing in areas where raw materials for the products is available. Women in these activities employee workers skilled, non-skilled, permanent or as seasonal workers. With the expansion of business and the development of quality products, training in skill, technology, management and marketing becomes essential. . Family Trade: Many women can involved in the family trades, hereditarily performed through generations and the skill is traditionally kept within the family. Manufacturing handicrafts pottery, involved in food preparation operating individual units of embroidery, tailoring printing, dyeing, weaving, spinning, net marketing, etc. 5. Agricultural Activities: The rural women participate more in the agricultural sector, especially in operating vegetable gardens, horticulture production, nursery or even rice husking and preparation of varied rice products. 6. Sub-contracting:This new system of generating income in the non formal sector is providing opportunities for women through negotiable procedure obtaining orders for product from either, exporters, procedures, whole seller’s or middlemen. 7. Women as exporters: Women can venture into exports directly by themselves or through other exporters. Export fairs, international trade fairs, single country fairs and initiative by importers have helped the women to produce quality products for exports. FINDI NGS: 1. the contrinution % of the women entrepreneurs in different districts:A questionnaire survey conducted among 130 women entrepreneur and based on this survey and statistical data the approximate result of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh are come out. The number of women entrepreneur in different district can be mentioned as follows__ 2. Motivating factors to enter into business: The respondents were asked to describe factors that encourage them to enter into business and entrepreneurial activities. The opinions they expressed in response to this questions are compiled and given in the following table with relative frequency and ranking.Factors that encourage women to enter into business| %| Ranking| Inspiration from family and family had business| 29| 1| To create self-dependency| 24| 2| Self inspiration| 22| 3| Extra income for the family| 22| 3| For economic freedom| 14| 4| Self employment| 12| 5| Inspiration by friends| 9| 5| To upgrade social status| 6| 6| Pass leisure ti me| 5| 7| Economic development| 4| 8| Inspiration from some organizations| 3| 9| No alternative to have a job| 1| 10| Inspired by training| 1| 10| To establish women’s rights| 1| 10| Eradicate gender discrimination| 1| 10| Creating opportunity for others| 1| 10| . previous occupations: Previous occupation of women entrepreneur are describe by the following pie chart _ 4. Nature Of Ownership: individual ownership is dominant type Among 130 enterprises established by women entrepreneurs. Their nature of owner ship are shown by following figure_ individual ownership is dominant type Among 60 women entrepreneurs, 73. 2% is owned by individual, 15. 9% is jointly owned by family members and only 7. 3% business is run in partnership with other members. Partnership is also dominated by the traditional kinship relationships as 38. % of women entrepreneurs have partnership with mother, 26. 9% with sisters, and 3. 8% with brother. Only 3. 8% of women entrepreneurs interviewed have partn ership with husband. In 15. 4% cases, partnership is found with friends. Domination of partnership by the kinship relationship can be explained by traditional patriarchal social values and social system, under which, women’s social dealing with the people, particularly men, outside of the family is highly restricted. This is also associated with the fear of social insecurity and social stigma. 5. Types of Business Where Women entered:Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the types of business are shown in following. Type-1| Type-2| Type-3| Description| %| Description| %| Description| %| Manufacturing| 61. 6%| Only Export| 15. 6%| Whole sell| 16. 2%| Service| 12. 8%| Only Import| 0%| Retail| 43. 0%| Trading| 12. 8%| Neither Export Nor Import| 82. 8%| Both| 40. 8%| Other| 12. 8%| Both Export & Import| 1. 6%| | | | 100%| | 100%| | ! 00%| Table : Types of Business Where Women Are Entered . Among 130 women entrepreneurs interviewed, about two third of them (62%) were f ound to be involved in manufacturing sector followed by service (12. %) and trading sector (12. 8%). Among them, 82. 8% has no relation with export-import business as only 15. 6% were found to be involved in export-oriented business. Retail is the dominant trend among women entrepreneurs in the sample. More than one third of them (43%) were found to be involved in retail business. Only 16. 2% enterprises were found to be wholesellers and 40. 8% were involved in both retail and wholesell business. 6. Experiences in Trade Licensing and Company Registration: Women Face various types of Problme to Register their enterprise.It Causes various harassment for women. That’s why they are not interested for register their business. Their registration status are shown in following figure-eight†¦ Figure: Status of enterprises in term of having company Registration The figure shows that almost half of the women entrepreneurs (49. 7%) interviewed did not get their enterprises registere d with any legal authorities. Among women entrepreneurs, who have trade license, most of them run their business in the city corporation like Dhaka, Rajshahi and Sylhet. About 90% of the women entrepreneurs from Dhaka have trade license.Most of the women entrepreneurs, who do not have trade license, are from the district town or local area like Jessore (85. 7% have no trade license), Comilla (57% have no trade license). It could be assumed that having trade license is associated with the access to information. Since the women living in the city corporation areas have greater access to information and public institutions, most of them were able to get their company registered. It is also evident from the result of cross tabulation that education and training has a great influence to inspire women to get their company registered.About 70% of women entrepreneurs having trade license completed at least secondary level of education and have some training experiences on various issues. Ye ar of company registration: Although 50% of women entrepreneurs did not get their company registered from any legal authority, the tendency to have trade license is gradually increasing, as it is evident from figure 8. that 59% of enterprises become registered during 2001-2007. It can be assumed that educated women are entering into business and they have better knowledge of regulatory Trade license-providing agencies:In Bangladesh there are some agencies that provide trade license who are authorized by Govt. the license providing agencies are shown in following figure. Figure-9: Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the trade-licensing authorit Among 50% of the respondents having trade license, majority of them (67. 9%) got trade license from the City Corporation, 17. 9% from Municipality, 3. 6% from Union Parishad. It is also evident from the findings that 40% were unable to complete trade licensing procedures on their own resulting in increased expenditures for compan y registration.About 45% of them had to expend, on average, extra 2000 taka only to get help in trade license processing. The median value for this purpose was found to be 5000 taka, which means about 50% of the women entrepreneurs, who were unable to accomplish trade licensing process on their own, had to expense, on average, 5000 taka or more than 5000 taka. Expenditure for getting trade license: It is evident from the findings that most of the women entrepreneurs have experiences of informal source of expenditures like bribery in the process of getting trade license. Expenditure| Name of the trade licensing authority| City corporation| Municipality| Union parishad| Mean| 2400| 1200| Not available| Median| 2250| 1200| Not available| expenditures like bribery in the process of getting trade license. The women entrepreneurs interviewed mentioned that they had to informally pay from 50 to 1200 taka to get trade license from the city corporation. Regarding informal expenditure, they h ad better experiences with municipalities. Average expenditure including formal and informal for getting trade license from the City Corporation was found to be BDT 2400 and median was calculated for this category as BDT 2250.In case of Municipality, both mean and median were found to be 1200. It means getting trade license from municipalities is less expensive. It is also mentioned by the respondents that getting trade license from Municipality was less bureaucratic and complication free compare to the services from the city . corporation. Reasons behind not having trade license: The women entrepreneurs, who did not have trade license, were asked to describe the reasons. The opinions they expressed as reasons for not having trade license were as follows: Opinion| %| Unaware of the necessity of having trade license| 37%|Aware but not familiar with the process| 41%| Applied for trade license and the process is going on| 3. 7%| Others| 18. 3%| Total| 100%| Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities: The following table Show the Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities— Types of Problemsmentioned by thewomen entrepreneurs| CityCorporation| Municipalities| UnionParishad| Taxdepartment| Complex process| X| X| | X| Time consuming| X| X| X| X| Bureaucratic process| X| X| | X| Bribery| X| X| | X| Indecent behavior| X| X| | X| Sexual harassment,teasing| X| X| X| X|Lack of cooperation| X| X| | X| Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs due to not having trade license: Due to not having trade license women faced different types of problems and harassments. The problem that they face are represented in following tables Major Problems| %| Could not get access to bank loan and financial institutions| 80| Could not participate in trade fair| 60| Could not get membership with the chamber of commerce| 45| Could not enter into export-import oriented sectors| 35| It is observed from th e table-13 that women entrepreneurs faced various problems due to not having trade license.As per responses by women entrepreneurs, for the lack of trade license, 80% of them were refused by banks or financial institutions to give a loan to them, 75% of them could not participate in trade fair. Since, it is mandatory to have trade license for getting membership with the chamber of commerce, 60% of them failed to apply for membership. Another 35% told that they could not enter into export-import business Opinion of the women regarding company registration The women entrepreneurs in the sample were asked to express their recommendations about existing company registration process.The major issues they raised were as follows. Opinion| %| Make registration process easier| 75| Make information available towomen entrepreneurs| 70| Create awareness regardingregistration process| 60| Create awareness regardingregistration process| 85| Make the people gender sensitive| 66| Organize training on regulatory process| 58| Reduce company registration fee| 70| Reduce complexity| 55| Fasten registration process| 45| 7. Main sectors Sector-wise percentage distribution of the respondents. Name of the sectors| % enterprises| Garments/Home textile| 16. 1|Printing| 1. 6| Handicraft| 69. 4| Agro based| 3. 2| Parlor| 4. 8| Food| 3. 2| Others| 1. 6| Total| 100| Among the respondents, majority of women entrepreneurs (69. 4%) were found to be involved in handicraft sector followed by garments/ home-textile (16%). The table-8 also shows that women are becoming in non-traditional sectors like printing and media, food business, etc. It is observed that 60% of women entrepreneurs did not know how to conduct feasibility study before selecting a specific product, 26. 7% of them were completely found unaware of feasibility study and 6. % of them did not feel necesity to conduct a feasibility study. Only few women entrepreneurs told that they conducted feasibility through market observation and participation in trade fair. 8. Training and Human Resources Training Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the status of training: Whether received training| % of therespondents| Received before starting business| 35. 5| Received after starting business | 42. 1| Received before and after starting business| 13. 2| Did not receive any training| 9. 2| Total| 100| n=60 Training is a vital issue for women entrepreneurship development.It can facilitate women to internalize required business skills and attributes. The table-15 shows that among the women entrepreneurs interviewed, almost half of them(48. 7%) had received training on various issues before they entered into business. Different NGOs, public institutions like women and children affairs department, youth development department, chamber of commerce, trade bodies provided these training. 42. 1% of them started their business without having any training on business development although they received training after the y had entered into business. In 9. % cases, there was no opportunity to receive training and they did not receive any training on business. This group is from the remotest area that means women entrepreneurs live in the rural areas or local areas are more vulnerable than their urban counterpart is. Percentage distribution of the respondents by the name of courses that they received before and after their business initiatives: Name of the trainingcourses| % of the respondents| | Before starting12business| After starting13business| Sales and marketing| 44| 69| Training on sewing| 44| 6| Training on block and boutique| 40| 28| Training on embroidery| 19| 0|Training on cutting| 11| 0| Training on Tailoring| 26| 9| Handicraft| 41| 19| Computer| 4| 22| Financial Management| 11| 9| Business Management| 7| 16| Leadership of women| 4| 0| Poltry| 15| 3| Mini garments| 4| 0| Screen print| 4| 3| Cooking| 4| 3| Beauty & herbal care| 4| 0| The above table shows training courses which were organiz ed for women entrepreneurs before or after their entry into business. It is expected that those training courses were helpful to buildcapacity of women entrepreneurs at entry level but in terms of the degree of effectiveness, there is a scope to raise questions.The women entrepreneurs who did not receive any training mentioned that they did not know where to go to receive training. They do not have proper idea about training providing agencies. It is also observed that public training providing agencies do not have proper mechanism to go to women entrepreneurs, particularly to rural women with their services, as said by the respondents. 9. Sources of capital: Starter Capital and Trend in Investment: The picture of starter capital are representing by following table- | Starter Capital (BDT)| Current amount of capital (BDT)| Mean| 207265| 290884| Median| 20000| 600000|Mode| 100000| 300000| Minimum| 500| 10000| Maximum| 4000000| 5000000| Out of 130 women entrepreneurs interviewed, 77 w omen entrepreneurs were able to provide information about the amount of their starter capital. Based on available informationprovided by them, mean value of starter capital for 77 women entrepreneurs were found to be BDT 207265 but the median value was found to be BDT 20,000, which means 50% of 77 women entrepreneurs’ starter capita was equal to or less than BDT 20,000. The minimum starter capital was found to be only BDT 500. The maximum amount of starter capital was BDT 4000000.This extreme case has positive influence on the value of mean. Compare to the current amount of capital, it is evident that average capital has been increased from the amount of the starting point of business. For 69 women entrepreneurs, mean and median for existing capital were calculated as BDT 290884 and BDT 600000. In case of starter capital, 50% of women entrepreneurs’ investment was from BDT 500 to 20000 while 50% of women entrepreneurs’ current investments were found between BDT 10000 to 600000. It can be considered as significant growth in investment for micro women entrepreneurs.Sources of Starter capital: Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the sources of starter capital are presented by following table- Opinion| %Of Respondents| Own savings| 61| Parents| 39| Husband| 18| n-laws| 6| Relatives belong to kinship group| 2| Friends| 3| Public commercial bank| 1| Private commercial bank| 1| NGO| 5| Other government agencies| 3| Cooperative society| 0| Leasing company| 0| Mahajan| 0| Others| 0| Credit Facilities For Women: In our social world the women did not get enough facility for the credit facility. The face various problem for collecting their capital.If an women goes for institutional facility then she does not get enough respons from them. Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by their first impression at bank Level Of Impression| % Of women Entrepreneurs| Very good| 11| Moderate| 67| Bad| 22| Total| 100| Among the respondents, 9 8 women entrepreneurs out of 130 visited various banks and financial institutions for a loan but only 5 of them managed to get a loan from banks. 98 women entrepreneurs were also asked to express their first impression about bank. Only 11% mentioned that they have very good impression. 7% of them expressed their moderate impression and 22% told they had bad impression while they went for a loan to a bank. SOWT Analysis about women entrepreneur according to survey: Here the SOWT analysis from the survey explain the internal capacity and external capacity analysis of an women to establish en enterprise. According to our survey the explanation of strength, opportunity, weakness and threats. A. Strengths of Women: * Initiative * Self-inspiration * Efficiency at work * Self-confidence * Growth oriented * Good organizer * Ambitious * Imitation of innovations B. Weaknesses of Women: Low risk-bearing ability * Low literacy rate * Low work participation rate * Low urban population share * Lo w utilization capacity of resources * Low level of mobilitys * Inability to hardwork and tencious work * Confusion in decision making C. Opportunities of Women: * Tchnological opportunity * Support from government * Professional consultancies * Micro-finance facilities * Availability of raw material * Tax facility * SME * Export facility D. Threats of Women: * Unfavourable cultural practices * Social inhibitions * Unaware of government facilities * Huge competition * High cost against loan Lack of training facility * Inadequate infrastructural facility. * Family ties * Male dominating society. * poor linkages and networks * unfavorable policy and regulatory environment RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION Recommendation Based on the present stydy the following recommendations are put forward for further improvement of the condition of women entrepreneur of Bangladesh. * Establish a separate cell to deal with women entrepreneurs regarding trade license and company registration. * Create eas y access for women entrepreneurs to the local administrative support public institution . The central bank should fix up a target for each bank to provide loan for women and from a monitoring team to monitor the implementation of its circular. * A comprehensive credit policy should be initiated under the supervision of the central bank in order to create access of women entrepreneurs to finance. this policy must keep a provision of collateral free loan, credit without interest or low rate of interest (maximum 8% interest),loan for long time duration etc. for women entrepreneurs. * Establish a separate bank for the development of women entrepreneurs.Impose an obligation for other banks to maintain a minimum quota for women entrepreneurs in loan disbursement and ensure the implementation of this quota. * All types of new women entrepreneurs should given a provision of tax-exemption for at last five years. * Include a special provision for women entrepreneurs in the policy and procedur es of value added tax (VAT) and keep a provision of VAT exemption for new women entrepreneurs for at least first five years. * Increase budgetary allocation to facilitate women entrepreneurs, particularly women entrepreneurs to participate in the national and international trade fair. Provide special support to women entrepreneurs who are involved in export-oriented activities for promoting marketing of their products. * The required amount of credit and its timely disbursement have an important role to continue and expand the enterprise. * Timely support of credit facility has to be ensured. * Collateral requirement of bank should be revisited and procedures should be made simple. * All banks should allocate a portion of their loan for women entrepreneurs and should open a separate window for them. Lack of management experience of entrepreneur they should be trained on â€Å"Entrepreneur Development Training†. Proper step should be taken for this purpose. * Women entrepreneu r needs management assistance to improve the administrative capacity and increase productive activity and capacity in quality as well as in volume. Conclusion: Entrepreneurship to women in Bangladesh is more than just income generation. It is about working to build a more prosperous country, to lift the many millions of Bangladesh people out of poverty. It is about achieving economic independence and women’s empowerment.And it is about striving for emancipation of women’s gender roles, to create a better future for generations of women to come. So,all of us who have a role to play must come forward in this extremely important development and growth process to build the nation that Bangladesh should be. The present study show that most of the entrepreneurs were from young and less educated. They were migrating from different areas. According to the survey results women are found to have engaged themselves in different type of enterprises. Women entrepreneurs selected th eir enterprises with what they were familiar.Most of the cases show that they were previously worked on others as worker from which they earned their working skill and later on they started their enterprises in those Ares only. The study clearly indicate that lack of capital is still the remain problem, absence of marketing facilities, absence of proper sales center are some of the major problem. Another common barrier faced by the women entrepreneurs was balancing time between the enterprise and the family. If the major barrier in marketing for women entrepreneurs can be removed then the women lead sector can surely add income for the economy.This study focuses that if the women are provided with appropriate training and need based assistance and make an easy environment they will incrementally enter into the entrepreneurial occupation and will prove their worth through efficiency in operation to contribute to the economy of Bangladesh. Reference 1. Multiple responses were allowed and responses were not mutually exclusive 2. N=36, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 3. N=32, for both cases, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 4.Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, March 206-February 2007, BWCCI, July 2007, pg. 24. 5. Afsar, Dr. Rita, Bringing Women Entrepreneurs in Policy Focus for SME Development in Bangladesh, A keynote paper presented at the Seminar on Strengthening Capacity of Women organized by BWCCI, February 26, 2008 6. 4. BBS, The Statistical Pocket of Book of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2006 7. Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, BWCCI, Dhaka, July 2007 APPENDIX Questionnaire Survey on Women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh 1.Personal Information: I. Name:_________________________________________________________________________ II. Company name:_______________________________________________________________ __ III. Address:_______________________________________________________________________ IV. Address 2:_____________________________________________________________________ V. City/Town:_____________________________________________________________________ VI. State:________________________________________________________________________ VII. ZIP/Postal Code:_______________________________________________________________VIII. Country:_____________________________________________________________________ IX. Email Address:________________________________________________________________ X. Phone Number:_______________________________________________________________ 2. Establishing this Business is very simple in our country by Women? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 3. The structure of Women Entrepreneur is appropriate for business world? | StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| Partnership| | | | | | Corporation| | | | | | sole pro prietorship| | | | | | 4.Is the Bank Loan is Difficult to get? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 5. Have Difficulties in obtaining Financial Capital? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 6 . Partners are Beneficial for women enterprise? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 7. Sole Proprietors are Beneficial for women enterprise? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 8. Which types of Fund is Cost effective for women enterprise ? | StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree | Personal Savings. | | | | | Gift from Family and Friends| | | | | | Loan from Family and Friends| | | | | | Loan from previous owner. | | | | | | Credit card/personal loan. | | | | | | Bank Loan| | | | | | Partners| | | | | | 9. What are the Remarkable Problems you face in your business (from the list below)? | StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| Toomuch competition| | | | | | State and federal regulations| | | | | | Not enough business knowledge| | | | | | Cash flow problems| | | | | | Rising costs of business| | | | | | Too much paperwork| | | | | | Too many factors out of my control| | | | | | 10.Reasons for becoming a business owner? | StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| StronglyDisagree| Disagree| To be my own boss| | | | | | Always wanted to start my own business| | | | | | Family responsibilities| | | | | | Good way to find employment| | | | | | To make more money| | | | | | Dissatisfied with my work| | | | | | Thought I could do better job than others| * | * | * | * | * | 11. How much of each of the following kinds of experiences did you have before you became a business owner? | StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| StronglyDisagree| Disagree| Job in the same field as the business | | | | | |School education directly related to business | | | | | | Seminars, programs relevant to business | | | | | | Hobby, personal experience i n same field| | | | | | Supervisory/management experience | | | | | | Accounting experience| | | | | | 12. What is the type of your current business? ____________________ 13. Is it your first business? * Yes * No 14. Why you come tobusiness? _________________________________ 15. What is the reason behind the business? ______________________ 16. Have you get any help from other in this start up your business? * Yes * No 17. Do you have trade license? Yes * No 18. Have you get support from your family? * Yes * No 19. What is the current amount of your investment? _________________ 20. How to invest it? ____________________________________________ 21. What is your occupational background? ________________________ 22. What is your father/husband’s occupational background? _________ 23. Have you face any problem? StronglyAgree| Agree| Neutral| Disagree| StronglyDisagree| | | | | | 24. Have you ever taken loan? * Yes * No 25. If yes then from whom? _________________________________ ____ 26. do you maintain accounts and book keeping? Yes * No 27. Do you have TIN? * Yes * No 28. Are you informed about tax and VAT? * Yes * No 29. Are you informed about tax facility? * Yes * No 30. Did you get any training facility? * Yes * No 31. Do you have any future plane? * Yes * No 32. What is your future plane? __________________________________ 33. What types of help is required to expand your business.? 34. What step should be taken to improve situation of the women entrepreneur in Bangladesh? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________